加拿大华人论坛 加拿大生活信息给在国内学英语的新移民一点忠告



在加拿大


有些人考TOEFL,雅试拉得了较高的分,很得意,没错,考好了该得意.但是这些考试是为英语为第二语言者设立的.考了满分充其量如NATIVE 高中生.要在学习工作中运用自如还远呢.很多TOEFL高分者到了美加学习发现听也听不懂,说也说不了,国内听久了发久了的音到了北美很难改,最要命的是写作,写的不知所云.所以与其在国内拼命读,不如到了加拿大强化训炼.在国内多花时间掌握技能如编程什么的.

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在国内可加强阅读.最有效,要练听力则听原声广播.

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希望LZ可以把自己学习外语的办法跟大家分享,特别是有用的素材,如网站。

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希望LZ可以把自己学习外语的办法跟大家分享,特别是有用的素材,如网站。点击展开...我没特别的办法,要指望一日千里也不现实,日积月累,还要有悟性,但勤奋占99%.我在MCGILL上了两个学位,本身就是一个好的环境,再加上每天看电视,多找老外学生LANGUAGE EXCHANGE,工作以后,我主动做COORDINATOR,慢慢就到了一定阶段,虽然口音难改,但已达了可在大学教书的水平.网站用的很少,主要还是专业训练,比如选修大学里的ACADEMIC WRITING, Pronunciation,多写Summary,review,abstract,这些靠大量的阅读,我在本站文学论坛里贴有我写的看了初唐诗一书的SUMMARY,就是一例,我贴在这里供大家参考.Stephen Owen's "The Poetry of the Early T'ang (1977)"***Stephen Owen, professor of East Asian Studies, Harvard University In this essay, I will review the main viewpoints of the book " The Poetry of the Early Tang" written by Stephen Owen. These main viewpoints are court poetry, its opposition poetics, and important poets of the Early Tang. In the end of this report, the summary and the arguments will be given. Stephen Owen's "The Poetry of the Early T'ang (1977)"chronologically, systematically studied the whole poetry of the Early Tang. He solved the following problems: What process was that the Regulated Verse, as Recent Poem, was formulated and gradually became a unified style? Why the "old " poem, especially seven characters old poem, became popular in High Tang and Middle Tang and evolved into fixed style away from court poetry through numerous tries and considerable reforms by the Early Tang poets? What kind of the historical positions have the Early Tang's poets such as the Four Talents of the Early Tang, Chen Tze-ang, Tu shen-yen, Shen Chuan-chi, and Sung Chih-wen? What characteristics are there in Court Poetry and its opposition poetics? What is court poetry? 宫廷诗 Court poetry is the poetry referred to later Southern Dynasties, Sui, and Early Tang (page 1). Court poetry mainly has two styles. One is the imitation of folk lyrics, Yuefu. The other is the formal occasional poem (正规应制诗) (page5). Court poetry has the following characteristics and conventions (page 5-13): ・ Basic, prearranged themes and forms set by court ・ Gracious adornments ・ Creative imitation ・ Novelty of expression ・ Fixed structural conventions ・ Of rules of rhetoric and decorum ・ Lexical decorum ・ Recurring elegant terms ・ Each sub-genre with its own conventions ・ Tripartite form ・ Parallel couplet The last two characteristics are the most important techniques in court poetry. "Tripartite form" consists of three parts, respectively topic, descriptive amplification, and response (page 234). Usually a poet begins his poem with gracious statement as possible as he can. Then he amplifies the theme with two or more descriptive parallel couplets in the middle of the poem. In the end of the poem, the poet always sends the messages of personal reaction to the scene. These messages can be a witty compliment, an intrusion of personal opinion, some observation, some witty idea, or emotion and sentiment. Court poetry dominated the whole early Tang. The forms, themes, and stylistic conventions were taken by many great poets of the eighth and ninth centuries. While the clearest picture was reflected from the last year of Empress Wu's region and from the second reigns of Chung-Tsung and Jui-Tsung, because more materials including poems, complete poem series and anecdotes were survived than those of other reigns. So the forms, genres and sub-genres of writing a court poem were clearly mirrored from the picture of courtly composition from the beginning of the year 708 to next two decades (page 234). As mentioned above, the fixed technique to compose a court poem is to use the " Tripartite Form"(三段论) . The conventions including "Tripartite Form" contributed to the formation of the regulated verse (律诗) , Lu shi, basically combing the very common eight-line poem, certain rules of tonal decorum, and the tripartite form (page 235). Other early poetry that ignored its proprieties or avoided them, associated with the presouthern Dynasties, developed into " old poetry", Gu-Shi. The tripartite form was widely used in both regulated verse, Lushi, and "old poetry", Gushi .(page 236) Although some great poets such as Chen Ziang tried to use different structural principles in poems, most other poets unavoidably manipulated the structure for their own purposes. In a word, the "tripartite form" is the most essential part in the poetry of Early Tang. The other technique is the parallel couplet that is very useful for courtier who is required impromptu to compose a poem if he masters it effectively (page 238-246). Certain changes and developments to the styles of the High Tang can be seen from the intrusion of individuality into court poetry and the broken of rigid codes of decorum and normative conventions of earlier court poetry during the period of Empress Wu's reign and her successor's reigns. The amount of personal poetry and informal occasional poetry increased although court poems and formal occasional poems still dominated the period ( Part 4,the court poets of empress Wu and Chung-Tsung 680-710,page 224-380).There are numerous court poets in the Early Tang. Only a few of them survived their poems. The representatives are Shang-Kuanyi (page page 72), Tu shen-yen (page 325), Sung Chih-wen (page 364), and Shen Chuan-chi (page 334). The later two poets contributed to the perfection of the regulated verse (page 334&364 ).The topics of court poetry cover many aspects of the life of the court, private banquet, " poetry on things", parting poem, verse letters including travel poems, and new songs (page 256-324). What is opposition poetics?和对立论 The opposition poetics, as the immediate reaction to the court poetry, has different definitions to different people. Unfortunately, it has only theory lack of practice. In some extent, it is a kind of "fu-ku", "return to antiquity". It strongly rejects those poems lack of directness and concision, political import, morality. In short, it opposes all characteristics of the court poetry (page 14). Thus, the " opposition poetics" is not completely the return to antiquity although sometimes it implies the meaning in some cases. The representative literal theory works of the opposition poetics are "Wen-hsin Tiao-Lung" by Liu Hsieh (page 15) and " Essay on Insect Carving " by Pei Tze-yeh (page 16). The representative poets who use their own special structural principles and styles to compose poems are Sui Wen-Ti (page 16) and his son Sui Yang-Ti (page 20), Wei Zheng, Li Pai-Yao (page 27-41), Wang Chi (page 61-71). However, the great literary reformation away from the court poetry, began in the year 661 (page 80). The four talents of Early Tang (初唐四杰) played very important role in departure from the courtly , although they still composed lots of court poetry. They respectively created their own styles. Strictly speaking, Yang Chiung never really formed his own style and could not be regarded as the reformer of the courtly (page 81), although later people classified them as a homogeneous family. Chen Tze-ang (661-702) is regarded as the first conqueror of the court poetry (page 153). He encouraged directness and concision, admired elegance and "Bi-xing", rejected completely soft, erotic and over decorum of the Six-Dynasties, and interested in restoring to the styleof Han and Wei (Fu-Gu). His poetry was united with plentiful contents and straight forms. His verses were full of directness and concision. He stressed social, political, and practical meanings of the reality. Therefore, he is esteemed as the forerunner of the reformation of the Early Tang (part Three: Chen Tze-ang, page 151-223). The summary and arguments: The book gives us the whole picture of the poetry of Early Tang. The conventions of the poetry of the Early Tang provided poets in High Tang with a set of composition skills and forms. The poets of the High Tang increased their individuality and other structural principles. Although there are differences between the two periods, no evidence shows absolute isolation existing between them. In contrast, most poets in High Tang inherited the composition techniques of the Early Tang and developed these skills for their own purposes. The history of the poetry of the Early Tang to High Tang can be referred to the process of the topic from " Court" to " Popular". After the court poetry achieved the summit of the poetry development through the evolution from Southern Dynasties to Early Tang, people tried to develop new style to express broader topics and wider sub genres. I will argue here, besides the development of the literary and poets, politics, economy, military, and other Asian culture import might have produced some influences on the changes of the poetry of Early Tang to High Tang.

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Beijing2008 说:我没特别的办法,要指望一日千里也不现实,日积月累,还要有悟性,但勤奋占99%.我在MCGILL上了两个学位,本身就是一个好的环境,再加上每天看电视,多找老外学生LANGUAGE EXCHANGE,工作以后,我主动做COORDINATOR,慢慢就到了一定阶段,虽然口音难改,但已达了可在大学教书的水平.网站用的很少,主要还是专业训练,比如选修大学里的ACADEMIC WRITING, Pronunciation,多写Summary,review,abstract,这些靠大量的阅读,我在本站文学论坛里贴有我写的看了初唐诗一书的SUMMARY,就是一例,我贴在这里供大家参考.Stephen Owen's "The Poetry of the Early T'ang (1977)"***Stephen Owen, professor of East Asian Studies, Harvard University In this essay, I will review the main viewpoints of the book " The Poetry of the Early Tang" written by Stephen Owen. These main viewpoints are court poetry, its opposition poetics, and important poets of the Early Tang. In the end of this report, the summary and the arguments will be given. 点击展开...强!赞一个!

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我没特别的办法,要指望一日千里也不现实,日积月累,还要有悟性,但勤奋占99%.点击展开...每天1小时胜过一天10小时。。。

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2007-03-04#7 B
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这篇文章写了宫廷诗,对立论和初唐诗人,文章是总结STEPHNE的书中内容,但不是照抄他的原句,而是用自己的话写,对引用给出了引用的页数,比较规范化.写到一定阶段就可写书评(REVIEW),这是比较难的,书评一般由这个领域的有名望的学者所写,有很多自己的观点,我只是学着写写,我贴一份我老师最近写的书评,发表在最新的全美著名的书评刊物上PATHFINDER,是MCGILL政治系退休教授DR.NOUMOFF所写.我的翻译稿也发表在最新的国内权威的中国图书评论上.Commentary on Our History is Still Being Written: The Story of Three Chinese-Cuban Generals in the Cuban Revolution [Pathfinder 2005 SAM NOUMOFF, Professor of the Department of Political Science, McGill University While there remain many gaps in our general knowledge of the Chinese Diaspora, probably the least known is that of their immigration to Cuba in the 19th and 20th Centuries, and their contribution to the Cuban Revolution in its making to the present. The narrative presentation is based on a series of interviews conducted by Mary-Alice Waters, together with Arrin Hawkins Martin Koppel, Luis Madrid and Michael Taber. In 1844 the Spanish Crown opened a recruitment office for Chinese in the coastal city of Xiamen, signing up young Chinese men to 8 year contracts at 4 pesos a month plus food and clothing. These contracts could be resold for 70 pesos. After the passage of eight years as indentured labourers they were “free” to return to China or remain. As virtually none of them had been able to save for the return passage, they remained. Spain initially deposited 206 Chinese, followed by the United Kingdom who planned to land 365 more. With seaborne deaths the number deposited in 1847 numbered in the neighborhood of 500. Over the next quarter of a century an additional 141,000 were signed up, with between 10% and 15% dying on route. To this number were added a few stragglers from the post Civil War U.S., while others moved from the U.S. after the completion of their transcontinental rail-road labour. The overwhelming majority were brought as sugar cane and other agricultural workers, to replace the African slaves after slavery was declared illegal. Spain developed an immigration scare in 1857 and capped the inflow of Chinese, although the importing of contract labour continued until 1874 The Cuban population of Chinese origin came to affiliate with Cuban nationalism during the 1868 unsuccessful War of Independence from Spain, when indentured labour, as well as slavery, were declared void by the nascent Republic, with an estimated 6,000 Chinese joining the struggle. Recognizing that the 1857 cap had failed the Spanish Crown in 1871 it suspended all Chinese contract labour on the grounds that they were enemies of the Nation. As I learned during my own visits to Cuba, the Masonic movement began to take root in subsequent decades and some more well to do members of the Chinese community joined, which reinforced their middle-class nationalism. As agricultural labourers the Chinese men could not follow the tradition in other parts of the Diaspora to have brides sent from China, married into Cuban society with some ease. Notwithstanding this some Chinese families in the 20th Century followed a system of matrilineal endogamy, whereby the girls in the family could only marry men whose both parents were Chinese, while the boys could marry anyone. A colleague of mine reported one evening over a drink that he had some Chinese heritage but it was not reflected in his name, as his paternal grandmother, in anger, removed the name from the family lineage after her husband was killed in a battle against the American occupation. I have no data on the frequency of this phenomenon. In the pre-revolutionary period, those of Chinese appearance or had Chinese names, faced intolerable racist exposure, being called narra {equivalent to the N word); China-Manila {after Chinese who came via the Philippines} as well as being excluded from private schools, beaches, Clubs and clinics. In the main, they were primarily shop-keepers and small merchants, although some became quite wealthy becoming bankers and members of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce; the most powerful among them heading up the office of the Guomindang [GMD], the Party of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. The GMD retained its political leverage until 1960 when the Cuban government became the first in Latin America to recognize the People’s Republic of China. Some Chinese escaped to Cuba from the mainland after the repression by the GMD of the Canton Commune in 1927. The most prominent among them being Jose Wong, who after landing in Cuba joined the movement fighting against the U. S. supported dictatorship of Gerardo Machado. Wong was arrested and strangled to death by a government agent while imprisoned. He was subsequently honoured by naming a Brigade in his memory, which cleared the Havana Chinatown of drugs, prostitution and gangsterism after the 1959 Cuban Revolution. Before going on to discuss the three Generals, it is important to note that relations between the two governments and Parties of Cuba and China have not always been friendly. The rupture can be dated to 1965 with a dispute over the price of Cuban sugar, but in fact masked the deeper issue emerging in the International Communist Movement, that of the dispute between China and the Soviet Union. Diplomatic relations reached the virtual breaking point during the Chinese Cultural Revolution in the 1967 period, but was resolved at the formal level by a face saving formula acceptable to both sides. Relations continued to slide through the Pinochet coup in Chile, and the war in Angola, continuing up through the implosion of the Soviet Union. The changing global balance of forces led to a very slow amelioration of these relations. Let me add here a personal note. During the late l980’s during a lecture on Central America and the Caribbean which I delivered to the research institute of the Chinese Foreign Ministry my argument that there were many similarities between the Cuban and Chinese Revolutions was met with derision. During a subsequent visit to Cuba in the early 1990’s when I made the same argument the response was viscerally equal to the derision I had met in Beijing. It was apparently too early for both sides to forget the areas of fundamental strategic disagreement. Owing to the newly emerging circumstances, I recall from memory that through the 1990’s it became apparent that whenever the Chinese found themselves in some serious disagreement with the U. S. they would announce a delegation to visit Cuba. This was one way to pull on the feathers of the American eagle. Relations went from frigid to lukewarm to moderately friendly over the past 15 years. Currently China is providing long term credits for the provision of intra and inter city buss replacements and energy saving home electrical appliances in the form of refrigerators, fans and air-conditioners, plus transformers for more efficient use of the electrical grid. Cuba responded by establishing the Chinatown Promotion Group in 1993 and promoting the Chinese House of Arts and Traditions, revitalizing the Chinese Studies Programme at the University of Havana and by hosting the Conference on the Chinese Diaspora in the Caribbean. Let me turn now to the central characters in the book; Generals Armando Choy, Gustavo Chui and Moises Si Wong. There are a number of common features to them all in the pre-Revolution period; they all came from small merchant backgrounds, they all experienced and witnessed racism towards the Chinese before the 1959 Revolution, and via slightly varying routes came to develop a consciousness of social injustice, they were all inspired to revolutionary activity by the assault on the Moncada military garrison led by Fidel Castro and 160 of his comrades in 1953, and finally they came to see the revolution as the sole means for the elimination of racism and injustice. Choy was arrested six times during the underground period before 1959, Chui was severely scared by his separation from his mother who was black and unacceptable to his father’s family, while Si Wong experienced first hand the class exploitation of his rich brother-in-law who was head of the GMD. In the post 1959 period they have each served in Angola; Choy as Head of the Anti-Aircraft and Missile Unit, Chui as Deputy Chief of Mission, and Si Wong as Chief of Logistics. Currently they each hold positions of importance in the Cuban Government; Choy as Head of the Havana Port Revitalization endeavor, Chui, as Head of the Association of Combat Veterans of the Cuban Revolution and Si Wong head of the National Institute of State Reserves and President of the Cuba-China Friendship Society. Owing to the degree of racial intermarriage between Chinese and other Cubans, it is impossible to even estimate the number of Sino-Cubans in leadership positions within the society, save to say that it surprisingly large. Where that identity is possible, one can note the Ideology Secretary f the Central Committee, the Minister of Domestic Trade and the Vice-President of the International Commission of the legislative Assembly. Some well to do Chinese who fled the mainland after the Chinese revolution in 1949 fled to Cuba. One colleague mentioned to me in passing that her father arrived in that period, and after hearing the first speech of Fidel Castro, again fled to the U.S., saying he sounded too much like Mao Zedong. His family remained in Cuba. After covering the background to the Chinese presence in Cuba and the biographies of the three Generals, the book continues with a discussion of Cuba’s role in Angola, conditions of the “Special Period”, relations with Venezuela and the Education Revolution in the Battle of Ideas, all from the perspective of Choy, Chiu and Si Wong. What is noteworthy about Angola was that it was exclusively a Cuban initiative; quoting Gabriel Garcia Marques that Cuba notified the Soviet Union after the troops had been dispatched. This is confirmed by an old friend who was stationed in Eastern Europe at the time, who informed me that on a specified date all Cuban diplomats in the Socialist Countries were instructed to have an emergency meeting with the 1st Secretaries of the Communist Parties, inform them of the dispatch of troops and request specific aid from a predetermined list of likely needs; trucks from one, field hospitals from another and so on. Over the 15 years of Cuba’s presence in Angola, 375,000 troops served, with 2,000 killed in combat. Cuba’s policy was not to interfere in intra, Angolan fighting, but to insure that the real and potential intervention by South African forces be thwarted. Things were not absolutely smooth, as in 1987 Cuba opposed an Angolan government assault upon the city of Chita, in opposition to Soviet advice to go forward. Other strategic and tactical disagreements occurred between the Soviet and Cuban sides, both here, and I might add as well in Ethiopia. The guiding Cuban strategic principle was to never let the enemy choose the terrain of a decisive battle. These disputes must be seen against the backdrop of the 1981 intimation by the USSR that Cuba no longer fell under the Soviet “nuclear umbrella”. I might also add that during the 15 year period the USSR attempted to change the leadership of the Angolan Government Party, the MPLA, but were prevented from so doing by Cuban forces. The three Generals repeated over and over that Cuba’s motivation for becoming involved in Angola was derived from the revolutionary heritage of their own struggle going back from the 19th Century to the present when Poles, Dominicans, Chinese, Argentineans, and North Americans all contributed to Cuban success. The most well known being Che Guevara, who proved inspirational while fighting in the Mountains as an asthmatic foreigner. The Cuban economy has always been under stress from the outset, through the U.S. imposed embargo, the U.S. Helms-Burton Law, to the present policy of the George W. Bush Administration, not to mention the Bay of Pigs failed invasion and the innumerable assassination attempts against Fidel Castro. The USSR and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance [COMECON] provided a substantial buffer until the early 1990’s when the Soviet Union imploded. With this Cuba’s ability to purchase in the international market decreased by 80%. By 1993 the economy opened a bit, with tourism and some foreign investment. While this was viewed as essential, the wealth gap between those who had access to U.S. dollars and those who did not was accentuated. High prices in the special Dollar Shops was designed to absorb dollars and redistribute benefit through financing government programs. In addition to the obvious problem of inequality so generated there was a second consequence; most of the foreign remittances in dollars came from Cubans abroad, most of whom are white who were the disproportionate beneficiaries, as few Afro-Cubans left for abroad. The impact of the reforms in China have had some selective impact on Cuba. Subsequent to Minister of Defense Raul Castro’s visit to China in 1997, he remarked that it was not a crime for a peasant to earn even 1,000 pesos a month through honest labour. An echo possibly of Deng Xiaoping’s comment that 10,000 Yuan rmb per year peasant family income was admirable. Subsequently vegetable production increased from 4,200 tons per year in 1994 to 4 million tons in 2004. Forms of production units became more flexible to include State Enterprises, Cooperatives, Basic Unit Cooperatives, back yard gardens and parceleros, or parcels of land which anyone can cultivate. In addition a mixed system of distribution was introduced. All of these program are to take place within the rubric of environmental protection and sustainable development. It is widely accepted that Cuba has arguably developed the best medical education and delivery system in the 3rd World. In support of the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela, Cuba began to dispatch medical doctors in 1998, rising to 10,000 in number, who see a patient roster of 1.5 million per month. In addition sight clinics and dental services have been added. Supplementing this is an education aid program from literacy classes up through High School, and Sports training initiatives. Reciprocally Cuba receives petroleum products at concessional rates. Problems of the “Special Period” have been extraordinarily challenging. In addition to the economic problems, the central problem is the need to cultivate future generations with a socialist culture. In the late 1990’s, there were 76,000 young people across the Island who were neither in school nor had employment. A programme for paying them to attend school was initiated as a response. At the end of the process there must be a relevant employment plan to insure that it is not merely deferred unemployment. This book is a remarkable testament to the struggle for justice by the Chinese who migrated to Cuba, and their finding a place within Cuban society through their active participation in the Cuban Revolution.

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历史和现实中的古巴华裔侧影——读《我们的历史仍在继续:在古巴革命中的三个古巴华裔将军的故事》Sam Noumoff(山姆·努莫夫)文Beijing2008译Armando Choy, Gustavo Chui, Moises Sio Wong, Our History Is Still Being Written: The Story of Three Chinese-Cuban Generals in the Cuban Revolution, Pathfinder Press, January 15, 2006阿曼多·蔡、嘎思塔佛·崔、莫艾·斯·黄口述,我们的历史仍在继续:在古巴革命中的三个古巴华裔将军的故事,美国先驱出版公司,2006.1人们对于旅居国外的华人的了解仍有许多空白。其中知道更少的或许是在19和20世纪移民到古巴的那些华人,以及他们对古巴革命和对古巴今天的贡献。本书所叙述的故事是通过对玛丽-阿利斯·沃特斯,阿林·霍金斯,马丁·考贝尔,刘易斯·马瑞德和米歇尔·塔柏所做的一系列采访所编辑而成的。1844年,西班牙皇室在中国的港口城市厦门建立了劳工征召所,愿意参加的中国年轻人要签8年合同,每月可以得到4比索外加食物和服装。 这些合同可以以70比索的价格转让。完成8年的劳工契约后,他们可以“自由”选择返回中国或留下。但最后几乎没有人有积蓄能够返回中国,他们只好留在了当地。西班牙最初引进了206个华人,随后是英国(英国原计划引进365个华人)。由于海运中的死亡,1847年实际出去的劳工数量大约500人。在接下来的25年中,又有141000人签定了劳工合同,其中10%到15%的劳工死于运输途中。另外,一些美国内战后的落伍士兵以及完成了穿越美洲大陆铁路修建的劳工也加入了这个劳工队伍。因为奴隶制已被宣布为非法,这些劳工中的绝大多数人是被召来做收割甘蔗和从事其他农业劳动的,以替代那些非洲奴隶。尽管合同劳工的引进一直延续到1874年,但早在1857年,西班牙就引发了移民恐慌并限制了华人的大量流入。在古巴的中国裔可追溯到1868年的古巴民族主义者未成功的要脱离西班牙的独立战争,由于期盼中的共和国宣布解除外来劳工和奴隶制,所以大约6000华人加入了斗争。由于意识到1857年的限令最终失败了,所以西班牙皇室在1871年终止了所有的中国劳工的合同并当场宣布他们是国家的敌人。在我个人对古巴的访问期间,我了解到共济会运动在随后的数十年里开始扎了根,并且还有更多的富有的中国社区的成员也加入了,这加强了这里的中产阶级的民族主义。作为农业工人,这些中国男人不可能遵从传统,能像其他地区的中国移民一样找到从中国送来的新娘,而跟古巴社区的姑娘结婚相对容易一些。一些中国家庭在20世纪遵循了一种母系式的内部通婚,也就是女孩子只能嫁给父母都是华人的男人,而男孩子却可以娶任何人。我的一个同事曾在一个晚上喝酒过头后透漏他有中国血统,但没有在他的名字中体现出来。这是因为在一次反对美国侵占的斗争中,他祖母在她丈夫被杀后,他愤怒的祖母把他们的名字从家庭世系中去掉了。但我没有有关这种现象发生的频率的数据。在前革命时期,这些有着中国面孔或者中国名字的人,面对着一种难以容忍的种族歧视。他们被叫做那拉,或者中国-马尼拉(是自从华人从菲律宾转道而来后这样叫的),他们被排除在私立学校、沙滩、俱乐部以及诊所之外。尽管有些很富裕并且成为银行家和中国商会的成员,有些更有权势的更是挤进了蒋介石为首的国民党领导层,但他们中的大多数都只不过是小货店主和小商人。国民党一直保留了它的政治组织体系直到1960 年古巴成为第一个在拉丁美洲认可中华人民共和国的政府。一些华人在1927年国民党镇压了广州苏维埃政权后从中国大陆逃到了古巴。他们中最出名的是河塞·黄,他来到古巴后就加入了反对美国支持的格拉多·马恰多独裁统治的斗争。黄后来被捕并在监狱被一个政府探员刑讯逼供而死。在1959年古巴革命后,一个清除哈瓦那中国城的毒品、卖淫、强盗行为的行动队就以他的名字来命名,以此来纪念他。在讲述这三个将军之前,有必要提一下中古两党两国关系并不是总是友好的。这种不和可以追溯到1959年的关于古巴糖的价格争端,但是实际上深层的问题是国际共产主义运动中的中苏争端。中巴外交关系在1967年中国文化大革命时期到了破裂的边缘,但是后来通过一个双方都可以接受的保全面子的方案恢复到了正常水平。在皮诺切特的在智利的军事政变,安哥拉战争,苏联的分裂这一段时期中,中古关系继续发展。这种全球力量平衡的变化减慢了这种关系的良好发展。让我在这里加一些个人注解, 在1980年代后期的一次关于中美和加勒比海的演讲中,我曾经向中国外交部研究所提出了一个论点即中古革命存在许多相似处,但这个观点当时遭到了冷遇。1990年代初期,在对古巴的一次访问中,当我提出同样的观点的时候,所得到的回应与我在北京遇到的是一样的。很明显,那个时候让双方忘记在一些领域的根本战略分歧有点太早了。由于新出现的情况,我记起在整个1990年代,无论何时中国政府与美国政府出现严重分歧的时候,中国政府都会宣布他们将会派代表团访问古巴,这是制约美国的一种策略。在过去的15年里,中古关系从冷冻期到缓和期,发展到了适度友好期。现在,中国正在提供更长期的信誉,譬如帮助古巴替换城市电车轨道线,提供节能家电(冰箱、电扇和空调)以及高效利用蓄电池铅板的变压器等。古巴则以在1993年设立中国城促进工作组,促进中国艺术与传统机构,复苏哈瓦那大学的中国研究项目,以及主持有关在加勒比的中国移民的会议来加以回报。现在回到这本书中的主角,阿曼多·蔡将军、嘎思塔佛·崔将军和莫艾·斯·黄将军。在大革命前的时期,他们拥有共同的特征:他们都来自小商人家庭,他们都经历和目睹了1959年大革命前对华人的种族主义,和通过稍微有点不同的途径认识到的社会的不公平。菲德尔·卡斯特罗和他的160个同志在1953年的对蒙卡达驻军的攻击激发了他们的革命行为。他们最终把革命看作了消除种族主义和不公平的唯一方式。在1959年前的地下行动时期,蔡被捕了6次,蔡被与母亲的分离吓怕了,因为他母亲是黑人,他父亲家不承认她。而黄则直接体验了他的富有的并且是国民党头目的姐夫的阶级剥削。在1959年后的时期,他们都曾在安哥拉服役。蔡是防空和反导弹部队的首脑,崔是战斗任务副指挥,而黄是后勤部部长。现在,他们都是古巴政府的高级官员。蔡是领导哈瓦那港复苏工程总指挥,崔是古巴革命老战士协会会长,黄是国家储备研究所所长和古中友好协会的会长。基于华人和古巴人之间的通婚程度,要估计有多少古巴籍华人在社会上的处于领导位置是不可能的。保守来说这个数字可能惊人得大。从体征上人们可以注意到,中央委员会的意识形态的书记,国内贸易部长和国家议会国际委员会的副主任是华裔。一些富有的华人在1949年中国革命后逃出了中国大陆并逃到了古巴。我的一个同事过去曾向我提起过她的父亲就是在那个时候到的古巴,当他听了菲德罗·卡斯特罗的第一次演讲后又逃到了美国,她父亲说卡斯特罗太像毛泽东了。但是他的家庭仍然留在了古巴。在介绍了华人出现在古巴的背景和三位将军的个人经历后,本书接着从蔡、崔、和斯·黄的视角探讨了古巴在安哥拉的角色、“特殊时期”的状况、古巴与委内瑞拉的关系,以及在“思想斗争”中的“教育革命”。关于安哥拉,值得一提的这是古巴一手制造的。引用加布里埃拉·加西亚·马科斯的话来说,古巴是在已经派遣了军队后才通知苏联的。这一点得到了我一位当时驻扎在东欧的老朋友的确认。这位老朋友告诉我说,在一个特定的日期,出使在社会主义国家的所有古巴外交官都被要求参加一个由第一书记所召集的紧急会议。这个会议通知这些外交官关于军队派遣的情况并要求他们根据预先确定的列表寻求各种可能的帮助。比如从这个国家要卡车,从另外一个国家寻求战地医院,等等。在古巴占领安哥拉的15年中,375000名军人在那里服过役,其中2000人在战斗中失去了生命。古巴的政策不是深入内部干涉安哥拉人的战争,而是确保阻止真正的和潜在的南非军队的入侵。事情并不是绝对的顺利,因为在1987年,古巴反对了安哥拉政府对赤塔城的进攻,和苏联的建议是背道而驰的。出现在苏联和古巴双方的战略战术分歧,除了在安哥拉,我也许还要加上在埃塞俄比亚。古巴的指导性的战略原理是永远不要让敌人选择决定性战役的地点。这些争执可从苏联在1981年警告古巴不再处于苏联的核保护伞下这一点看出一些端倪。我也许还得加一点说明,在这15年里,苏联曾经试图更换安哥拉政府党MPLA 的领导层,但结果都被古巴军队阻止了。这三位将军一遍又一遍地重复的是,古巴卷入安哥拉的动机来自于古巴人斗争的革命遗产,这可追溯到从19世纪到现代,波兰人、多米尼加人、华人、阿根廷人和北美人都对古巴的成功做出过贡献。其中最著名的就是切·格瓦拉,作为一个患有气喘病的外国人,在山地战斗中,他起到了鼓舞人的作用。古巴经济一直处在外来压力下,从美国强加的贸易禁运,美国的海尔姆-伯顿法令,到当今的乔治·布什政府的政策,更不要说在猪湾的失败入侵,以及对卡斯特罗的无数次的暗杀。苏联和经济互助委员会对古巴提供了大量的援助,直到1990年代早期苏联解体。苏联解体使得古巴的国际市场购买能力减少了80%。到1993年,古巴经济对旅游业和外国投资开放了一点。这种开放被认为是很重要的,然而,那些能接触到美元的和不能接触到美元的人之间的贫富差距也加大了。特别的美元店的高价格被设计用来吸收美元,然后再通过政府的筹措资金项目重新进行分配。开放所产生的不平等还造成了第二个后果,就是大多数的美元汇款都来自海外的古巴人,这种不相称的受益人大多数是白人,因为只有少数的非裔古巴人在海外。中国的改革也对古巴产生了一定的有选择性的影响。在国防部长劳尔·卡斯特罗1997年访问中国后,他发表讲话说,一个农民通过诚实劳动能挣1千比索1个月不是一种犯罪。这是一个对邓小平讲话的仿效。邓曾讲过,一个1年能挣1万元人民币的农民家庭是令人钦佩的。随后,蔬菜产量从1994年的4200吨增加到了2004年的4百万吨。生产单元的形势也变得多样化,包括了国有企业、合作企业、基本单位合作企业、自留地和任何人都可以耕种的土地。而且,引进了一种混合分配系统。所有的这些项目都是在环境保护和可持续发展的规定下发生的。已经被普遍接受的是古巴已经发展了的有争议的第三世界里的最好的医学教育和派出系统。为支持委内瑞拉的博利瓦人的革命,古巴从1998年开始派遣医生,增加到现在的1万人,这些医生每个月要看150万个病人。另外增加了眼科诊所和牙科服务。作为补充还增加了一个教育援助项目,从识字班到高中及运动训练项目包罗万象。互惠的是古巴以特价得到石油产品。“特殊时期”的问题一直是非常具有挑战性的。除了一些经济问题外,中心问题是让后代得到社会主义文化的熏陶和教育。在1990年代后期,全岛有既不上学也不工作的年轻人76000名。一个付钱给这些人上学的项目已经启动。在这个项目的后阶段,一定会有一个相关的雇佣计划来保证这并不仅仅是延迟的失业。这本书是对移居到古巴的华人通过斗争争取公平,并且通过积极参加古巴革命在古巴社会中找到自己位置的一个非凡的实证。(作者单位:加拿大麦吉尔大学)

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31415926 说:每天1小时胜过一天10小时。。。点击展开...每天一小时远远不够,刚到加拿大时,我每天花十几小时学英文,除了上课,参加LANGUAGE EXCHANGE PROGRAM,还看书,看电视至少5个小时,连广告也不放过,可先看带字幕的,这样两年后,基本算能做到上课听讲不用竖起耳朵,也可参加和老外学生一起的ACTIVITIES,讨论时也能侃侃而谈.到毕业时,我就得到了ARIZONA大学的面试邀请见我所写文章(签字里的连接),最近又得到了耶鲁大学的面试,如幸运的话就可能到耶鲁工作,就是去不了,我也满足了,至少我够格了.

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2008应该在北美有10年了吧?

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不是马甲的马甲 2007-03-04#11 vivienne98. 706 $0.00 我在加拿大1年3个月,已经新闻,一般电视,上班,上课,80%的理解能力(自己评的),还待提高

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不是马甲的马甲2008应该在北美有10年了吧?点击展开...八年

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Beijing2008 说:八年点击展开...老移民罗

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不是马甲的马甲 2007-03-05#14 八年申请路
8路茶馆董事长§总
11,668 $0.00 不错

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[FONT=宋体]生活就像便便,一旦被水冲走就再也回不来了[/FONT][FONT=宋体]生活就像便便,每次一样又不太一样[/FONT][FONT=宋体]生活就像便便,有时你努力了很久,最后也只是一个屁。[/FONT]赞反馈:yangyang2005 2007-03-05#15 Z 8,042 $0.00 2008你都耶鲁了,我们自然是比不了了。希望你常来这里指导

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vivienne98. 说:老移民罗点击展开...所以有时卖卖老资格,难免得罪人,特别是某些自我感觉特好的人,我本来在这个论坛是很少发言的,但看了某个所谓有天赋的自我吹捧的蹩脚英文文章实在是忍不住,也是我修养不够吧,很快我就会退出的,甚整个论坛,不想再演与小包争论的戏,很无聊也浪费时间,但真诚希望各位在加拿大生活好工作好.

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zznn123456 说:2008你都耶鲁了,我们自然是比不了了。希望你常来这里指导点击展开...如我真得到耶鲁职位,我就告别这里了,一是因为去了美国不算加拿大居民了,二是因为要花五年时间拿到TENURE,即要过两次评审关拿到终身职位,那是很花时间的.再过两三周吧,他们还要面试最后一个候选人,三个中取一个,要靠运气了,面试如相亲就看对方能不能一见钟情!

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Beijing2008 说:所以有时卖卖老资格,难免得罪人,特别是某些自我感觉特好的人,我本来在这个论坛是很少发言的,但看了某个所谓有天赋的自我吹捧的蹩脚英文文章实在是忍不住,也是我修养不够吧,很快我就会退出的,甚整个论坛,不想再演与小包争论的戏,很无聊也浪费时间,但真诚希望各位在加拿大生活好工作好.点击展开...包坏是娱乐圈人物,你跟他耗上了,哈哈。。 你还是比较有个性的,没有什么不好,在中国可能还会吃苦头,但在北美,是个个性张扬的世界,我比较喜欢

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不是马甲的马甲包坏是娱乐圈人物,你跟他耗上了,哈哈。。 你还是比较有个性的,没有什么不好,在中国可能还会吃苦头,但在北美,是个个性张扬的世界,我比较喜欢点击展开...我也喜欢有个性的人,我真后悔为啥没早点动去加的想法,2008祝你好运。

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谢谢Beijing2008分享经验,我最近一直为英语提高很慢的问题而苦恼。学英语的时候花在那里是看得见的,我一直没有系统的做过阅读和写作的训练,口语上到一定的水平以后,遇到瓶颈就很难提高了。打算去学校上一个阅读写作的班还有发音矫正。

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华人网今天送老公先回加拿大,从沈阳出发经首尔当天飞多伦多。 给老公买的是沈阳至首尔 大韩航空的 从首尔到多伦多 加拿大航空 行李在沈阳可以直挂到多伦多 给了两段航程的登机牌 行李 ...

加拿大生活信息-加拿大

赏花:蒲公英晚期?

华人网郁金香正在凋谢,蒲公英也进入最后的一搏。这个时候,她们已经不像小黄花绽放时那么可爱了(应该说多数人是这么感觉的),但仔细观赏,我还是很喜欢的。心中喜乐,到处都是美 ...