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涉及版权,所以只录入文章不录入题目.贴哪部分贴多少以及贴完不 端看偶的心情和各位有无需要.(手工录入难免有拼写错误如发现请跟贴予以注明.)请勿转贴.....[FONT=宋体]Test 1:[/FONT][FONT=宋体]READING PASSAGE 1:Ambergris[/FONT][FONT=宋体]The name ambergirs is derived from the Spanish"ambar gris".ambar meaning amber and gris meaning grey , thus the name signifies gray amber. The use of ambergris in Europs is now entirely confined to perfumery-as a material of perfumery . Its high price varies from $15 to $25 an ounce, though it formmerly occupied on inconsiderable place in medicine. Ambergris ws also decorated and worn as jewely . particularly during the Renaissance. It occupies a very important place in the perfumery of the East. and there it is also used in pharmacy, and as a flavouring material in cookery.[/FONT][FONT=宋体]Amver, however, is quite a different substance from amvergris and this discrepancy has puzzled some people . Amber is the fossilized resin from trees that was quite familiar to Ruropeans long belore the discovery of the New World, and prized for jewelry.Although considered a gem, amber is a hard, transparent,. wholly-oganic material derived from the resin of extinct species of trees, In the dense forests of the Middle cretaceous and tertiary periods, between 10 and 100 million years ago. these resin-bearing trees fell and were carried by rivers to coastal regions .There, the trees and their resins became covered with sediment, and over millions of yesrs the resin hardened into amber.[/FONT][FONT=宋体]Amvergirs and amber are related by the fact taht both wash up on beaches, Ambergirs is a solid, waxy, flammable substnce of a dull grey or blackish color, with the shades being variegated like marble. It possesses a peculiat sweet,earthy odour not unlike isopropyl alcohol. It is now know to be a morbid secretion formed in the intestines of the sperm whale, found in hte Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Being a very lightweight material, ambergris is found floating upon the sea, on the sea-coast, or in the sand near the sea-coast. It is met with in the [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Atlantic Ocean[/FONT][FONT=宋体], on the coasts of [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Brazil[/FONT][FONT=宋体] and [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Madagascar[/FONT][FONT=宋体];also on the coast of [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Africa[/FONT][FONT=宋体], of the [/FONT][FONT=宋体]East Indies[/FONT][FONT=宋体], China Japan, and the [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Molucca[/FONT][FONT=宋体]Islands[/FONT][FONT=宋体]; but most of the ambergirs which is brought to [/FONT][FONT=宋体]England[/FONT][FONT=宋体] comes from the [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Bahama Islands[/FONT][FONT=宋体]. It is also sometimes found in the abdomen of whales, always in lumps in various shapes and sizes, weihin from 1/2OZ. to 100 or more lb. A piece which the Dutch East India Company bought from the King of Tydore weighed 182;b. An American fisherman from Anigua found, inside a whale , about 52 leagues south-east from the [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Wlndward[/FONT][FONT=宋体]Islands[/FONT][FONT=宋体], a piece of ambergris which weighed about 130lb,and sold for 500 sterling.[/FONT][FONT=宋体]Like many other substances regarding the origin of which there existed some ovsourity or mystery, ambergris in former times possessed a value, and had properties attributed to it, more on account of the source from which it was drawn than from its inherent qualities. Many ridiculous hypotheses were started to account for its origin, and among others it was conjectured to be the solidified foam of the sea, a fugous growth in the ocean similar to the fungi which form on trees. [/FONT][FONT=宋体]The true source and character of ambegris was first satisfactorily extablished by Dr.Swediaur in acommunication to the Royal Society. It was found by Dr. Swediaur that ambergris very frequently contained the horny mandibles or beaks of the squid, on which the sperm whales are know to feed. That ovservation , in connection with the fact of ambergris being frequently taken from the intstines of the sperm whale, sufficiently proved that the substance is produced by the whale's intestine as a means of facilitating the passage of undigested hard, sharp beaks of squid that the whle has eaten.[/FONT][FONT=宋体]It was further ovserved that the whales in which ambergris was found were either dead or much wassted and eviently in a sickly condition . From this it was inferred that ambergris is in soem way connected with a morbid condition of the sperm whale. Often expelled by vomiting, ambergris floats in chunks on the water and is of a deep grey colour, soft consistence, and an offensive, disagreeable smel. Following months to years of photo-degradation and oxidation in the ocean , this precursor gradually hardens, deveoping a dark grey or black colour, a crusty and waxy texture, and a peculiar odour that is at once sweet,earthy marine, and animalist.Its smell has been described by many as a vastly richer and smoother version of isopropanol without its stinging harshness.[/FONT][FONT=宋体]In that condition its specific gravity ranges from 0.780 to 0.926. It melts at a temperature of about 145F into a fatty yellow resin-like liquid. It is soluble in ether, volatile and fixed oils, but only feebly acted on by acids . By digesting in hot alcohol, a peculiat cubstance termed ambrein is obtained. In chemical constitution ambrein very closely resembles cholesterin, a principle found abundantly in biliary calculi. It is therefore more than probable that ambergris. from the position in which it is found and its chemical constitution, is a biliary concretion analogous to what is formed in other mammals.[/FONT][FONT=宋体]The industries founded on ambergris resulted in the slaughter of sperm whales almost to extinction. Sperm whales were killed in two massive hunts, the Moby Dick whalers who worked mainly between 1740-1880. and the modern whalers whose operations peaked in1964,when 29.255 were killed. Most recent estimates suggest a global population of about 360,000 animals down from about 1,100,000 before whaling.In the 20th century,90%of abergris was derived in the processing of killing sperm whales. To this day, ambergris is still the most expensive product in the whole body of sperm whale. Depending on its quality, raw ambergris fetches approximately 20 USD per gram. In the [/FONT][FONT=宋体]United States[/FONT][FONT=宋体], possession of any part of an endanered species-including abergris that has washed ashore-is a violation of the Endangered Species Act of 1978.[/FONT][FONT=宋体]Historically the primary comercial use of ambergris has been in fragrance chemistry. However, it is difficult to get a consistent and reliable supply of high quality ambergris. Due to demand for ambergris and its high price, replacement compounds have been sought out by the fragrance industry and chemically synthesized. The most important of these is Ambrox, which as taken its place as the most widely used amber odorant in perfume manufacture. Procedures for the microbial production of Ambrox have also been devised[/FONT]
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所谓命运,就是你什么也没做..仍是错...直到看见这世间闪烁万千灯火,超越梦里所有想象....回复: [分享] 雅思阅读真经3[FONT=宋体]READING[/FONT][FONT=宋体] PASSAGE 3 RFID[/FONT][FONT=宋体]What Is RFID[/FONT][FONT=宋体]An emerging technology could usurp the ubiquitous bar code's quater-century of quiet dormination. Radio frequency idntification(RFID)tags, which consist of silicon chips and an antenna that can transmit data to a wireless receiver, could one day be used to track everything from soda cans to cereal boxes. Unlike bar codes, which need to be scanned manually and read individually (you have to actually see a bar code in ouder to read it ), radio ID tags do not requite line-of-sight for reading. Within the field of a wireless reading device, it is possible to automatically read hundreds of tags a second. "This is the basis of the next 50 years of computing ,"said Kevin Ashton, executive director of MIT's [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Auto-ID[/FONT][FONT=宋体]Center[/FONT][FONT=宋体]."The impact will be staggering."[/FONT][FONT=宋体]How It Works[/FONT][FONT=宋体]An RFID system may consist of several components: tags/transponders, tag readers,antenna, and interface. In a typical RFID systerm,individual objects are equipped with a small, inexpensive tag. The tag contains a transponder with a digital memory chip that is given a unique clectronic product code. THe interrogator, an antenna packaged with a transceiver and decoder, emits a signal activating the RFID tag so it can read and write data to it . When an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag's integrated circuit(silicon chip)and the data is passed to the host computer. THe application software on the host processes the data, and may perform various filtering operations to reduce the numerous often redundant reads of the same tag to a smaller and more useful data set.[/FONT][FONT=宋体]Passive and Active Tags[/FONT][FONT=宋体]Transmitting in the kiloertz, megahertz and gigahertz ranges, tags may be battery-powered or derive their power from the RF waves coming from the reader."Passive"tags have no power source but use the ecectromagnetic waves from the reader to energize the chip and transmit back, or backscatter, their data, Passive tags can cost less than a quarter and be read up to approximately 10 feet from the reader's antenna."Active"tags have a battery that can transmit up to 300 feet indoors and more than a thousand feet outdoors. Used for tracking trailers in yards and containers on the loading dock, active tags cost several dollars and may periodically transmit a signal for readers to pick up or may lie dormant until they sense the reader's signal.[/FONT][FONT=宋体]Reusable Vs. One-Time[/FONT][FONT=宋体]RFID tags for applications such as higyway toll collection and container tracking are in continuous use for several years. Like regular eclectronic components, the tags ate adhered to gigid substrtes and packaged in plstic enclosures. In contrast, tags on shipping cartons are used for a much shorter time and are then destroyed. Disposable tags are adhered to printed, flexible labels pasted onto the carton, and these"smart labels"contain an RFID chip and antenna on the back. A thermal printer/encoder prints alphanumeric and bar code data on the labels while encoding the chip at te same time.[/FONT][FONT=宋体]Originated in the 1940s.When the U.S.government used transponders to distinguish friendly aircraft from enemy aircraft, RFID systems now can tell how many beers you had while watching an NBA match, what library books you've checked out from the public library, and where and when ou purchased your Michelin tires. In he near future, they may be used to track prescription drugs and embedded into patients to tel doctors about their medical conditions. THe Department of Defense is using RFID to track supplies and troops, and the State Department is planning to implant RFID chips into new and renewed passports. More than a dozen retail companies have gone public with plans to use RFID in their operations."There's a general acknowledgment that this technology is here to stay. It's not just a science experiment." said Christine Overby, senior analyst at Forrester Research.[/FONT][FONT=宋体]Next Technology Wave[/FONT][FONT=宋体]RFID technology has existed for decades, but retailer and government mandates are pushing it forward. If it can overcome substantial technical and social challenges, it has the potential to transform business and sow the seeds of the next technology wave. MIT's [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Auto-ID[/FONT][FONT=宋体]Center[/FONT][FONT=宋体] is developing ways to use the tags in consumer product packages with blue chip companies such as Procter&Gamble, Wal-Mart, Cillette, Unilever, Target, Pepsi and Coca-Cola. Retailing behemoths such as Wal-Mart and Home Depot are investing heavily in Auto-ID's technology to improve supply-chain efficiency and track products from the warehouse to the consumer's doorstep. "The supply chain today is a black box,"Ashton said"There is very little accurate data about where things are,what they are, and how much there is ." "This technology won't just improve the supply chain-it will revolutionize it in ways we are only just beginning to understand,"Ashton said."Computers are basically blind today.The technology we are developing will enable them to see, for the first time ever."[/FONT][FONT=宋体]RFID and the Internet[/FONT][FONT=宋体]The success of RFID in the mass market ultimately depends upon tying the technology to an open standard network like the Internet, according to researchers.Companies will also be able to use smart tags to connect everyday objects to the Inernet, potentially saving billions of dollars in lost, stolen or wasted products.For example, a smart-shelf could tell when a carton of milk or a box of medicine has expired, alerting a store to restock in real time. This type of systern could prevent out-of ostock merchandise and reduce obsolete or out-of-date products."The Internet is absolutely crucial for all this,"Ashton said."The Internet enables us to put all the data on the network, not the tag, and that makes tags cheaper, better,faster.[/FONT]
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所谓命运,就是你什么也没做..仍是错...直到看见这世间闪烁万千灯火,超越梦里所有想象....回复: [分享] 雅思阅读真经3[FONT=宋体]Test 2: READING PASSAGE 1:William Cilbert and MagnetismThe accredited father of the science of electricity and magnetism was the English scientist, William Gilbert, who was a physician and man of learning at the court of Elizabeth. Prior to him, all that was known of ecectricity and magnetism was what the ancients knew, that the lodestone possessed magnetic properties and tat amber and jet, when rubbed , would attract bits of paper or other substances of small specific gravity.William Gilbert's great treatise De Magnete, Magneticisique Corporibus or On the Magnet, printed in Latin in 1600,containing the fruits of his researches and experiments for many years, indeed provided the basis for a new science.[/FONT][FONT=宋体]Wiliam Gilbert was born in [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Colchester[/FONT][FONT=宋体], [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Suffolk[/FONT][FONT=宋体], on May 24 1544.He studied medicine at ST.John's College, [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Cambridge[/FONT][FONT=宋体], graduating in 1573. He was prominent in the [/FONT][FONT=宋体]College[/FONT][FONT=宋体] of [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Physicians[/FONT][FONT=宋体] and became its president in 1599. The following year he was appointed physician to Queen Elizabeth I, and a few months before his death on Dec.10,1603,physician to James I.[/FONT][FONT=宋体]The ancient Greeks knew about lodestones, stronge minerals with the power to attract iron.Some were found near the city of [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Magnesia[/FONT][FONT=宋体] in [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Asia Minor[/FONT][FONT=宋体](now [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Turkey[/FONT][FONT=宋体]),and that city lent its name to all things magnetic. The early Cinese also knew about lodestones and about iron magnetized by them.Around the year 1000 they discovered that when a lodestone or an iron magnet was placed on a float in a bowl of water,it always pointed south. From this deveoped the magnetic compass, which quickly spread to the Arabs and from them to [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Europe[/FONT][FONT=宋体].[/FONT][FONT=宋体]Britain[/FONT][FONT=宋体] was a major seafaring nation in 1588 when the Spanish Armada was defeated, opening the way to British settlement of [/FONT][FONT=宋体]America[/FONT][FONT=宋体]. British ships depended on the magnetic compass, yet no one [/FONT][FONT=宋体]understood why it worked. Did the pole star attract it , as Columbus once speculated;orws there a magetic mountain at the pole, as described in odyssey, which ships should never approach, because the sailors thought its pull would yank out all their iron nails and fittings? Did the smell of garlic interfere with the action of the compass,which is why helmsmen were forbidden to eat it near a ship's compass?For nearly 20years William Gilbert conducted ingenious experiments to understand magnetism.[/FONT][FONT=宋体]"William Gilbert was fascinated by magnets,"as Dr.David P.Stern of NASA notes.Given two magnets, Gilbert knew that magnetic poles can attract or repel, depending on polarity. In addition ,however, ordinary iron is always attracted to a magnet. Gilbert quessed, correctly, that near a permanent magnet iron became a temporary magnet of a polarity suitable for [FONT=宋体]attraction. That is , the end of an iron bar stuck to an Spole of a magnet(south-seeking pole)temporarily becomes an N-pole.Because magnetic poles always come in matched pairs, the other end of the bar teporarily becomes an S-pole, and can in its turn attract more iron. Gilbert confirmed his guess of temporary("induced")magneism by an original experiment. Using strings, he hung two parallel iron bars above the pole of a terrella, a model earth he designed for this experiment,and noted that they repelled each other. Under the influence of the terrella, eachh became a temporary magnet.with the same polarities, and the temporary poles of each bar repelled those of the other one.[/FONT][FONT=宋体]In 1600 Gilbert published De Magnete in Latin.Very quickly it became the standard work throughout [/FONT][FONT=宋体]Europe[/FONT][FONT=宋体] on electrical and magnetic phenomena. In this work he describes any of his experiments with his model earth terrella.From his experiments, he concluded that the Earth was itself magnetic and that this was the reason compasses pointed north. In his book,he also studied static electricity using amber.Gilbert strongly argued that electricity and magnetism was not the same thing. For evidence, he (incorrectly)pointed out that electrical attration disappeared with heat, magnetic attraction did not.By keeping clarity,Gilbert's strong distinction advanced science for nearly 250 years. It took James Clerk Maxwell to show electromagnetism is , in fact, two sides of the same coin .[/FONT][FONT=宋体]De Magnete is not only a comprehensive review of what was known about the nature of magnetism; Gilbert added much knowledge through his own experiments. He likened the polarity of the magnet to the polarity of the Earth and built an entire magnetic philosophy on this analogy.In Gilbert's animistic explanation, magnetism was the soul of the Earth and a perfectly spherical lodestone, when aligned with the Earth's poles, would spin on its axis, just as the Earth spins on its axis in 24hours. He speculated that the moon might also be a magnet caused to orbit by its magnetic attraction to the Earth. This was perhaps the first proposal that a force might cause a heavenly orbit.[/FONT][FONT=宋体]Gilber did not, however, express an opinion as to whether this rotating Earth was at the center of the universe or in orbit around the sun .In traditional cosmology the Earth was fixed and it was the sphere of the fixed stars carrying the other heavens with it , which rotated in 24 hours. Since the Copernican cosmology needed a new physics to undergird it, Copornicns such as Johannes Kepler and Galileo were very interested in Gilbert's magnetic researches. Galileo's efforts to make a truly powerful armed lodestone for his patrons probably date from his reading of Gilbert's book[/FONT][FONT=宋体]The first major scientific work produced in Engand, Gilbert's De Magnete reflected a new attitude toward scientific investigation.Until then , scientific experiments were not in fasion:instead,books relied on quotes of ancient authorities and that is where the myth about garlic interfering with the compass started. Unlike most medieval thinkers, GIlbert was willing to rely on sense experience and his own observations and experiments rather than the authoritative opinion or deductive philosophy of others. In teh treatise he not noly collected and reviewed critically older knowledge on the behavior of the magnet and electrified bodies but described his own researches, which he had been conducting for 17 years. It was because of this scientific attitude,together with his contribution to our knowledge of magnetism,that a unit of magneto motive force, also known as magnetic potential, was named the Gilbet in his honor.[/FONT][/FONT]
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所谓命运,就是你什么也没做..仍是错...直到看见这世间闪烁万千灯火,超越梦里所有想象....回复: [分享] 雅思阅读真经3Thanks for sharing.
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――――――――――――――――――06年4月递案，09年6月撤案 赏
反馈:bonbonstar 2008-01-17#5 
142 $0.00 回复: [分享] 雅思阅读真经3文章都贴出来了,呵呵,不过真经3一定要看,很有用!评论
回复: [分享] 雅思阅读真经3thank you so much
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